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roducts are highly corrosive. Risks discussed in this presentation: •Explosion •Loss of mechanical integrity

IS). To comply with internationally recognized standards, Stamicarbon introduced the concept of SIL in its standard design urea plants. This paper focuses on the risk graph method, which is a means of quickly assessing and screening a large number of scenarios resulting in loss of containment (LOC). A limitation of the risk graph method however is that it leaves some subjective elements in assessing the consequences (severity) of LOC scenario, whereas these consequences are increasingly important in the ever increasing capacities of urea plants and equipment. To overcome this limitation Stamicarbon developed a quick reference chart covering all sections of the urea plant that allows quick and objective assessment of the severity and SIL parameters. Further, the paper highlights SIL-equivalents for safety relief valves in crystallizing media and risk reduction by means of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS).  

d our present update “The Stamicarbon Y2K update on explosion risk in urea plants

mance. And rightfully; we must see safety as a prime concern in order to protect ourselves and our neighbors from unwanted effects from our activities. Moreover, on the long run production without accidents will be a key factor in order to obtain and maintain acceptance of our activities by the rest of the society. In order to maintain this so called ‘license to operate’ it is of importance that our production processes are safe, but also we should be able to proof that our safety procedures and standards are up to ‘world class’ level. In this respect it is important to recognize that safety standards are continuously evolving. Things that were fully acceptable 100 years ago nowadays are completely unthinkable.

ger time. We also deal with how both Stamicarbon and Sandvik handle Safurex, how to deal with spare material and even spare equipment.

piping), cold pilgering (for heat exchanger tubes), hot and cold rolling (for plates) and forging (for bars).During the development of the HIP-ing method for Safurex®, it also became clear that its corrosion resistance was superior to that of non HIP-ed Safurex®. This opens opportunities to use the HIP-ed material in specific applications where higher corrosion resistance is needed. In this paper the development and achievements of this production route are presented as well as the first operational experiences. HIP-ed Safurex® is patented by Sandvik and Stamicarbon.

lyse the accuracy and reliability of the applied inspection method. Together with the introduction of Safurex®, a modified eddy current inspection technology was developed to assess the wall thickness of HP stripper HEX-tubes. After utilizing this inspection technology for a couple a years, the reported higher passive corrosion rates of Safurex® HEX-tubes were doubted, since Safurex® outperforms BC.05 material in all laboratory corrosion tests. Proper understanding of the modified eddy current inspection technology resulted in a more reliable and accurate inspection technique. By using this optimized procedure, the corrosion rate of Safurex® HEX-tubes is currently reported in the same order of magnitude as the BC.05 ones. Still a distinct advantage of Safurex® over BC.05 HEX tubes in HP strippers is the absence of active corrosion, which makes the use of the former far more favorable .

4) Stress corrosion cracking Typically vertical HPCC 5) Strain induced intergranular cracking Typically Urea Reactor 6) Stern face attack Typically HPCC & Scrubber 7) Under deposit corrosion Typically HP Stripper

included in the Stamicarbon Specification A4-71111 for welding of Safurex® liners. 

maintenance and repairs; lower OPEX costs 4. Lower APEX

taking place within a single piece of equipment. In a Urea reactor for instance the corrosion in the top is more than in the bottom part. This reduction in liner wall thickness should not mean automatically the end of the lifetime of a reactor. An in situ relining may extend the lifetime of the reactor again for many years. To allow an optimum repair with respect to quality, timing and down time of the Urea reactor it is important to make a good game plan and preparations should already be done prior to the turn around. In the HP Heat Exchangers the liner is not the critical factor. The heat exchanger tubes are the limiting factor with respect to the lifetime of the equipment and a replacement appears to be the most economical solution.

the report. Conclusions and recommendations based on key learning’s are given.

out of the exhaust of diesel cars. Diesel trucks but also already private cars are obliged to use DEF in Europe and the US, more continents will follow. The price of DEF at the moment almost doubles the price of urea fertilizer. All urea producers are looking for opportunities to become part of the DEF family. The DEF specification is described by ISO 22241 and DIN V70070 and limits amongst others the amounts of Biuret (< 0.3 wt%), NH3 (< 0.2 wt%) and Formaldehyde (< 5 ppm). DEF is produced by urea producers as a 32.5 wt% - or a 50 wt% aqueous urea solution or as solid product depending on the distance between the producers and the consumers. Urea granules are abandoned as DEF due to its formaldehyde content. Urea prills are sold in China as premium if the biuret content is maintained lower than 0.9 wt% because in that case they can be used for DEF.  Plants with a granulation finishing section which produce DEF from urea solution have difficulties to keep the biuret concentration low enough in their granules due to the increased residence time in the evaporation stage. These challenges are leading to the increased worldwide interest in biuret.

red with the corrosion behavior of the traditionally used fully austenitic stainless steels (316L UG [BC.01] and X2CrNiMoN 25-22-2 [BC.05]). 

stagnant process liquid was driven off by generation of heat in the R-101.  The heat was generated when CO2 leaked into the synthesis loop through a passing isolation valve, and the CO2 reacted to form carbamate.  The carbamate reaction generated the heat.  The de-oxygenated process liquid then destabilized the passivation layer and stripped it away, leaving the unprotected stainless steel liner exposed to the highly corrosive carbamate following the 3rd startup. The pinhole and pits were repaired, and the Plant resumed production on July 28th.

g Bangladesh. It is the first Stamicarbon urea CO2 stripping plant featuring the pool condenser technology, see [1]. In the Kafco-Bangladesh plant, the interconnection between the pool condenser and the reactor is provided by two high pressure (HP) pipelines, a 10” inch liquid and a 10” inch gas line. The plant is commissioned in 1994. After commissioning, operating experience learned that the gas line from the pool condenser to the reactor was sometimes filled with a stagnant liquid level; especially in case of a start-up from a “blocked-in condition“. This resulted in problems with the synthesis hydraulics and limited the maximum plant load to 115%. This problem was mostly overcome after draining of the synthesis loop but causing some environmental problems as well. For a permanent solution to this problem a modification of the HP gas line was implemented during the planned turnaround in 2010.The modification improved the hydraulics of the urea synthesis loop; eliminated gas flow restriction after a “block-in situation” and resulted in an increase of production up to 121% of the design capacity. The 1725 MTPD plant is now able to produce 2100 MTPD.

long to the so-called accident plants. For these plants it is required that the security is improved constantly. The management wants to constantly improve the environmental-protection andupgrading the technological conditions to increase the production and to save energy.

role in realizing this vision. Stamicarbon fully …

duction. At the same time, we must expect that society will focus even more on safety and environmental issues associated with fertilizers, such as Health and safety risks from working in fertilizer plants Major accident risks, to avoid disasters like the explosion in Toulouse Terrorist acts, using fertilizers for bomb-making Pollution risks from the manufacturing processes and from the use of fertilizers Climate change and the role of fertilizers and agriculture Use of limited energy and mineral resources, such as phosphates The public perception of Good Citizenship has changed over the years. Today, many people look upon the chemical industry as a burden to future sustainability. This perception will deepen if the industry has a poor safety and environmental performance. It is vital to perform well and to eliminate bad practices. Otherwise we must expect that much stricter regulations will be enforced upon the industry. In this paper I will focus on the 3 first bullet points above, those that are related to safety and product stewardship, with some practical advice on actions the industry should take in order to be in command and avoiding over-regulation.