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an be solved in two different ways, either with an in–line and/or with an end-of-pipe solution. The combination of the equilibrium reaction and the presence of inerts make an in-line solution not feasible. Therefore end-of-pipe solutions to eliminate ammonia emissions in both urea melt and finishing plants are still needed to obtain a green and environmentally sustainable process. This paper covers the different available end-of-pipe solutions such as absorbers (including emergency absorber), acidic scrubbers and flares. These options have a wide range of operating windows for further optimization and achieving optimum environmental performance. Flaring reduces the ammonia emission by converting the ammonia into carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Therefore, the environmental impact evaluation - after implementation of the new end-of-pipe solution - needs to be reviewed, especially when applying continuous emission flare because the environmental impact of these new type emissions are not more tolerable than ammonia emission. Stamicarbon believes that a green urea process combines optimum process conditions with a good choice of end-of-pipe solutions. The available alternatives for end-of-pipe solutions target an optimum “Triple P” balance, i.e. the balancing between financial-economical achievements (profit), environmental impact (planet) and public acceptance (people).

an be solved in two different ways, either with an in–line and/or with an end-of-pipe solution. The combination of the equilibrium reaction and the presence of inerts make an in-line solution not feasible. Therefore end-of-pipe solutions to eliminate ammonia emissions in both urea melt and finishing plants are still needed to obtain a green and environmentally sustainable process. This paper covers the different available end-of-pipe solutions such as absorbers (including emergency absorber), acidic scrubbers and flares. These options have a wide range of operating windows for further optimization and achieving optimum environmental performance. Flaring reduces the ammonia emission by converting the ammonia into carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Therefore, the environmental impact evaluation - after implementation of the new end-of-pipe solution - needs to be reviewed, especially when applying continuous emission flare because the environmental impact of these new type emissions are not more tolerable than ammonia emission. Stamicarbon believes that a green urea process combines optimum process conditions with a good choice of end-of-pipe solutions. The available alternatives for end-of-pipe solutions target an optimum “Triple P” balance, i.e. the balancing between financial-economical achievements (profit), environmental impact (planet) and public acceptance (people).

d Training 6. Conclusions

ger time. We also deal with how both Stamicarbon and Sandvik handle Safurex, how to deal with spare material and even spare equipment.

NCO + NH3 •Atomization Sprayer losses, however minimal with Stamicarbon film spray nozzles •Attrition

melt feed to finishing: 75-125 kg/h (165-275 lb/h) What can we do about this ? •Reduction of the ammonia emissions via scrubber technologies •More specifically we will see scrubbing with aqueous acid solutions is used broadly

stagnant process liquid was driven off by generation of heat in the R-101.  The heat was generated when CO2 leaked into the synthesis loop through a passing isolation valve, and the CO2 reacted to form carbamate.  The carbamate reaction generated the heat.  The de-oxygenated process liquid then destabilized the passivation layer and stripped it away, leaving the unprotected stainless steel liner exposed to the highly corrosive carbamate following the 3rd startup. The pinhole and pits were repaired, and the Plant resumed production on July 28th.

s that are out of specification, intermediates and by-products, all of which normally end up as waste. These waste streams are either dumped in landfills, incinerated, or otherwise wasted, putting a burden on the environment and resulting in a negative economic impact for fertilizer producers.

ristic of the Avancore® technology is a vertical r...