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lyse the accuracy and reliability of the applied inspection method. Together with the introduction of Safurex®, a modified eddy current inspection technology was developed to assess the wall thickness of HP stripper HEX-tubes. After utilizing this inspection technology for a couple a years, the reported higher passive corrosion rates of Safurex® HEX-tubes were doubted, since Safurex® outperforms BC.05 material in all laboratory corrosion tests. Proper understanding of the modified eddy current inspection technology resulted in a more reliable and accurate inspection technique. By using this optimized procedure, the corrosion rate of Safurex® HEX-tubes is currently reported in the same order of magnitude as the BC.05 ones. Still a distinct advantage of Safurex® over BC.05 HEX tubes in HP strippers is the absence of active corrosion, which makes the use of the former far more favorable .

4) Stress corrosion cracking Typically vertical HPCC 5) Strain induced intergranular cracking Typically Urea Reactor 6) Stern face attack Typically HPCC & Scrubber 7) Under deposit corrosion Typically HP Stripper

piping), cold pilgering (for heat exchanger tubes), hot and cold rolling (for plates) and forging (for bars).During the development of the HIP-ing method for Safurex®, it also became clear that its corrosion resistance was superior to that of non HIP-ed Safurex®. This opens opportunities to use the HIP-ed material in specific applications where higher corrosion resistance is needed. In this paper the development and achievements of this production route are presented as well as the first operational experiences. HIP-ed Safurex® is patented by Sandvik and Stamicarbon.

included in the Stamicarbon Specification A4-71111 for welding of Safurex® liners. 

maintenance and repairs; lower OPEX costs 4. Lower APEX

red with the corrosion behavior of the traditionally used fully austenitic stainless steels (316L UG [BC.01] and X2CrNiMoN 25-22-2 [BC.05]). 

the LAUNCH phase, grass root plants can apply the models to optimize consumption and emission figures.  It allows urea producers to stay competitive with production improvements, monitoring and detection, staff training and full lifecycle support. Further, feedback will be given on the EVOLVE OPTIMIZER™ project at OCI in the Netherlands. This has been in operation since 2012.

who have a thorough knowledge of the dynamic behavior of the process and the spectrum of algorithms which can be implemented in the process control system. The optimization process itself consists of several steps, like setting up a controller performance monitoring system, determining the root cause of poorly performing control loops, fixing potential hardware problems, and tuning the controllers with the proper algorithm and parameters. These well-tuned basic control loops can also act as a solid backbone for model-based advanced process control software like the Stamicarbon EVOLVE OPTIMIZER™, which offers extensive possibilities for stable plant operation and further enhanced economic benefits.

the Americas due to mechanization of agriculture. In order to blend a high quality of granular fertilizer it is very important to produce a stable blend where no segregation of mixture occurs. For good bulk blending quality granules containing nutrients like P, K and/ or S are required. For such granules a premium is paid in the market. In some Asian countries like India bulk blending of fertilizers is not an alternative to compound fertilizer because bulk blending fertilizers is forbidden due to quality control issues in these countries.

ent requirements, but also high standards in respect of its physical properties. This paper will focus on the causes of caking, like formation of crystal bridges serving as contact points between particles and formation of capillary adhesion forming adhesive contacts. Other subjects that will be discussed are: approaches to cake prevention, the action of anti-caking agents, and the methods of applying them. Finally, a new method of rendering prilled urea cake-resistant, based on coating with a novel, high-quality Stamicarbon coating agent named ADVANCE COAT™ Prill Strength, will be introduced. 

ctions of the reactor CNO (Carseland Nitrogen Operations) believed that there was only 3mm of original material protecting the carbon steel shell. At the end of 1995 Carseland ordered new liner material for the top dome and the cylindrical section approximately 1 m below the head. Carseland consulted Stamicarbon and potential suppliers of liner material and installation expertise. Carseland decided that for reasons of cost and time it was best placing a new liner overtop of the existing liner in the dome.

ss caking, consolidation strength)

ondition o Comply with safety and (new) environmental regulations

nbsp;ammonium sulfate. Given the flexibility of this process, it can well be used to also produce  granulated Urea containing other nutrients. This paper gives the background and highlights the  technology, the design and the current status of the process.

d our present update “The Stamicarbon Y2K update on explosion risk in urea plants

IS). To comply with internationally recognized standards, Stamicarbon introduced the concept of SIL in its standard design urea plants. This paper focuses on the risk graph method, which is a means of quickly assessing and screening a large number of scenarios resulting in loss of containment (LOC). A limitation of the risk graph method however is that it leaves some subjective elements in assessing the consequences (severity) of LOC scenario, whereas these consequences are increasingly important in the ever increasing capacities of urea plants and equipment. To overcome this limitation Stamicarbon developed a quick reference chart covering all sections of the urea plant that allows quick and objective assessment of the severity and SIL parameters. Further, the paper highlights SIL-equivalents for safety relief valves in crystallizing media and risk reduction by means of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS).  

on or prilling, it needs to be  If the heater is mechanically damaged (leaking tube heat exchanger) also product can contaminate the steam/condensate system and cause corrosion in the carbon steel lines and equipment.